Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of intelligent machines to perform creative functions that are traditionally considered the prerogative of humans. This term also refers to the science and technology of creating intelligent machines. This definition was first given by American computer scientist John McCarthy in 1956.

In English, the phrase artificial intelligence does not have that slightly fantastic anthropomorphic connotation that it acquired in the rather unsuccessful Russian translation. The word intelligence means “the ability to reason intelligently,” and not at all “intelligence,” for which there is an English analogue, intellect.

Due to the ambiguity of the very concept of “intelligence” and even the original term “intelligence”, there are other definitions. For example, information technology AI is defined as the ability of a system to create programs (primarily heuristic) during self-learning to solve problems of a certain class of complexity and solve these problems.

An empirical test for determining artificial intelligence was proposed by Alan Turing in 1950, when such a term did not yet exist. According to this test, a thinking machine is one that a person in a conversation with it mistook for a person.

There are many approaches to creating artificial intelligence systems. The most popular of them is the heuristic approach, in which a machine, using a neural network, learns about the world around it by trial and error. The idea of a probabilistic machine that “learns without a teacher” was first proposed by Ray Solomonoff in 1956 at the same Dartmund conference where John McCarthy coined the term “artificial intelligence.”

At the moment, the field of artificial intelligence is seeing the involvement of many subject areas that have a practical relationship to AI rather than a fundamental one. Many approaches have been tested, but no research group has yet approached the creation of artificial intelligence.

Nature is a big and interesting world that surrounds us. Here life does not freeze for a minute. We live in this world. We are surrounded by many objects. They are created by the hands of a person. These are buildings, roads, bridges, clothes, shoes, cars, furniture, computers. But there are many objects that arose on their own, without the help of man: earth and water, trees and animals, the sun and heaven. This is nature.

Man is also part of nature. This does not mean that people can do anything in nature. We must be careful about her: help animals and birds, take care of plants, protect water, earth and air. Many people prefer to spend their free time in nature. Tourism and disposition of large cities are able to destroy the habitat of animals and plants. Natural resources are non -reinforced and can be exhausted. Therefore, you need to save raw materials.

Environmental pollution is harmful to the health of all living things. Smoke from forest fires, emissions of industrial enterprises, Tarn Sports cause damage to nature.

Some people throw garbage into rivers or on the streets arrange garbage dumps. Waste and toxic discharges, falling into water, harm fish and aquatic animals, and also cause diseases of both animals and people. Car exhaust gases pollute the air. The natural environment is seriously infected, it is very difficult to eliminate pollution. To preserve the nature surrounding us cleanly, the government adopts laws that impede its pollution. But our life and life living on the planet can change for the better. If each of us will treat all living things with attention and love.

A solar eclipse is an astronomical phenomenon in which the Moon completely or partially covers the Sun for some time when observed from a certain part of the Earth. Solar eclipses occur only on a new moon, and due to the inclination of the Moon’s orbit to the ecliptic plane, they do not occur on every new moon, but only 2 to 5 times a year, when the Moon is near the node of its orbit at the new moon.

Solar eclipses are divided into total, partial, annular and hybrid. During a total eclipse, complete occultation of the Sun by the Moon can be observed anywhere on Earth; during a partial eclipse, complete occultation is not observed anywhere. With an annular eclipse, total coverage also does not occur, but, unlike a partial eclipse, somewhere on Earth you can observe how the Moon appears against the background of the Sun's disk and cannot cover it entirely, having a smaller angular size than that of the Sun. In a hybrid eclipse, there are areas on Earth where the eclipse appears as an annular eclipse at one time and as a total eclipse at other times in other areas.

The total eclipse stage cannot be observed from Earth during every solar eclipse. In addition, it is observed from only a small part of the Earth's surface, although partial phases can be observed from a much larger area. At a certain point on the Earth, total solar eclipses are repeated on average once every few centuries, and the total phase itself can be observed for no more than seven and a half minutes.

BMW brand history: how it all began

German cars are in high demand due to reliability and functionality. One of the most popular is the BMW brand, whose models have long become a symbol of luxury and sports style. Now the Bavarian company is representing a giant concern with many automobile plants not only in Germany, but also in other countries of the world: from the USA to Egypt. BMW are also manufactured in Russia - the Avtotor Kaliningrad enterprise is engaged in their assembly. This article is devoted to the history of the creation and development of BMW, which has more than 100 years and, of course, will be interesting to real fans of the brand.

How the company was created

The history of BMW began in Bavarian Munich, where in 1913, German industrialists RAPP and Otto opened two small enterprises. New firms were engaged in the production of aviation engines, and their leaders soon decided to unite in order to withstand tough market competition together. The joint company was called Bayerische Flugzeugwerke - Bavarian Aviation Plants.

Zigzag of fate

In the fall of 1917, the BMW emblem was created, which remained unchanged to the present: a circle divided into four parts (two white and two blue). These colors are considered traditionally Bavarian. For a long time it was believed that the drawing symbolized the propeller of the aircraft against the backdrop of a clear sky.

Most likely, the company would go along the initially defined path, engaged in the creation of aircraft engine, and motorists never recognized even its names. But the story ordered differently. After the surrender of Germany in the First World War, the government of the country signed the Versailles Treaty, one of the points of which was the ban on the production of aircraft.

In order to save the company, the founders reprofiled production and slightly changed the name: the word Flugzeug (“aviation”) gave way to Motorische (“motor”), and the abbreviation acquired a modern look, well known to fans.

Blockchain Ethereum is a distributed transactional environment for operating data and interaction with the program code of decentralized applications, the functioning and safety of which is ensured by cryptographic rules.

If in simpler words, the Ethereum blockchain is a platform that allows you to perform operations to translate assets between the network participants and create Dapps based on smart contracts.

Inside the Ethereum system, there is the same cryptocurrency (ETH), which is used to transfer the value between users, and also plays the role of a kind of fuel necessary to maintain network performance